Cosmetic Surgery
March 20, 2002

Dr. Leo McCafferty, a Pittsburgh plastic surgeon and clinical assistant professor of plastic surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine



Moderator Hello and welcome to our Discussion Special Event this evening! Our topic tonight is "Cosmetic Surgery" and our guest is Dr. Leo McCafferty.

Dr. McCafferty is a practicing plastic surgeon, and a clinical assistant professor of plastic surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

Feel free to join in this hourlong Discussion Special Event at any time, but please remember that this is intended as an interactive forum for informational purposes. It isn't intended as counseling, professional advice or a substitute for professional treatment.

Dr. McCafferty, when people are considering cosmetic surgery – and before they even start investigating procedures, and costs, and doctors – what are the questions they should ask themselves?

Dr. McCafferty The first thing patients have to ask is: Who are they doing it for? They should be doing it for themselves – not a boyfriend or girlfriend, husband or wife, or someone else.

Cosmetic surgery is appropriate to make a person look and feel better about himself or herself. It won't get them the love lost, or dramatically change their lives, so they shouldn't be doing it for those reasons.

There's no question that cosmetic surgery will improve self-esteem. It will make them feel better about themselves. They'll be happy if they're doing it for that reason, but they won't be happy if they're doing it for someone else.

Moderator Do surgeons typically ask patients about the patients' reasons and expectations?
Dr. McCafferty Absolutely, we do. We try to ask early on in the consultation. Specifically, we ask them why they want to do what they want to do, and why at this point in their lives. Frequently we'll see patients two or three times, and each time we see them we try to delve into why they want to do it.

I think these are important questions, because while the surgery is important, the happiness of the patient is the most important. And making sure that people are doing the right thing for the right reason is a big part of that.

Moderator In what cases would a surgeon recommend against cosmetic surgery, or refuse to perform a requested procedure?
Dr. McCafferty I can think of specific cases in which someone comes in and says, "I never really had a problem with my nose, but my mother or my brother doesn't like it." I would not operate on that patient.
Moderator Suppose a woman wants breast augmentation that's out of proportion with her body size.
Dr. McCafferty That's another good example. Personally, I wouldn't perform breast enlargement to make someone a D or a DD [cup size]. There's a question about whether the person has a realistic goal for herself, and a realistic expectation. Unrealistic expections is another area we try to explore during the early consultation.

The other is people coming in who want liposuction on small areas of their bodies. When you examine them, there's very little fat, but their perception is that they have more fat than they really do.

Moderator Suppose a patient shows signs of body dysmorphic disorder, an obsession with having a perfect body. How might a plastic surgeon recognize this, and how might the surgeon proceed in this case?
Dr. McCafferty Body dysmorphic disorder is the next step. People who complain about wrinkles that the surgeon can't see, or signs of aging that just aren't there – there's no operation on the planet that can make them happy.

It's a real psychiatric problem and such patients need to be directed to psychiatrists for that kind of help, rather than surgery.

It's not so easy to separate people who have this condition from people who are just very particular about their appearance. The key really is having one, or two, or three consultations before deciding on surgery. That way you have a chance to get to know them, and sort out the people who are just particular and people who might have this disorder.

Moderator What should a person look for in selecting a cosmetic surgeon? What are the appropriate credentials and accreditation?
Dr. McCafferty It is complicated. I think the key words are "board certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery." That board is the only board that is recognized by the American Medical Association's Board of Medical Specialties for the practice of plastic surgery. To find those certified local surgeons, you can call the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery at (888) 272-7711 or check surgery.org on the Web. That site features a "find a surgeon" link.

I think that the other important point is that many of the plastic surgery procedures can be done in an office surgicenter. But that surgicenter should be credentialed by the American Association of Ambulatory Surgery Center (www.aaasc.org). If the procedure is to be done in an office setting, the setting should be reviewed and safe.

Moderator What else should a person consider in choosing a cosmetic surgeon?
Dr. McCafferty The patient can check with the local medical society and a primary care physician for recommendations, as well as seek more than one opinion.
Moderator What questions should a person ask a surgeon before making the choice?
Dr. McCafferty Ask about his training, and whether he's board certified. Also, does he do the procedures that you're interested in routinely?

I don't think it's terribly helpful to see pictures of patients. That's something that's always mentioned.

Moderator Why not?
Dr. McCafferty I don't do it personally, and I think it brings up an ethical question about choosing which pictures to show. Frankly, nobody's really going to show you a terrible result. So it can be very misleading to show pictures, because no two patients are alike.
Gwen Is there a way to rejuvinate ear lobes? I have pierced ears and some of my earrings require a disc-type back to keep the earrings from sagging.
Dr. McCafferty Well, this is very common: Earlobes that have been torn, or stretched or disfigured in some way by earrings. The right ear is usually more common than the left simply because more people use the phone on the right ear. And it's a simple problem to fix, in the office, using a local anesthetic. Basically, it's just repairing the tear or the hole completely, waiting six to eight weeks, and repiercing.
katiebug What has Greta Van Susteren done for plastic surgery? Has she made it more socially acceptable?
Moderator Katiebug is referring, of course, to the network TV newswoman who earlier this year underwent a high-profile eye-tuck. Do you think the publicity changed the public awareness of cosmetic surgery?
Dr. McCafferty I think Greta looks great. And I think that Greta is just one of many media events that have brought plastic surgery more into the forefront, certainly making the public more aware of what can be done. In the last five years, statistics have just skyrocketed in terms of the number of people having plastic surgery. The more people understand, the more likely people are to pursue it.
Moderator We've received a number of questions about Botox, which is not surprising, since Botox has in just a few years become one of the top cosmetic surgery procedures. One person asked it this way: "What are these injections that take away wrinkles? I hear theyre some sort of bacteria. How does this work exactly?"
Dr. McCafferty Botox is a short name for botulism, a toxin, which sounds scary, but it has been used for years on the face for odd facial tics and little spasms around the eyes. What doctors did for years was just inject these small muscles to stop the tics and little muscle spasms around the eye. The most common example would be uncontrolled blinking.

What doctors noticed was that it not only controlled the spasms, but also the wrinkles went away from around the eyes, the forehead and different parts of the face. So the next step was to try Botox on very specific muscles on the face that cause wrinkling.

And we use it now, every day, primarily for wrinkles on the forehead; the wrinkles between the eyebrows that give you that mean, tired look; and also the so-called crow's feet on the outside of the eyes. The FDA in a matter of weeks is about to approve Botox for this particular use. It has already been approved for treatment of these muscle spasms.

Moderator Do you think that approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will give a significant boost to the use of Botox to treat wrinkles? One analyst predicted it would become "the Viagra of 2002."
Dr. McCafferty I think it may give it a little boost, but it's already so incredibly popular. I think approval will just make people feel safer doing it.
RoZ About three years ago a dermo told me that there would be a far better treatment for spider veins in about three years and not to waste any more money on saline injections. What is the latest and greatest treatment for spider veins? Thanks.
Dr. McCafferty I will admit that I'm not an expert on spider veins, but there are better treatments today. There are several lasers that work well, and also some phototherapy, which is specific light therapy. I would suggest that if people are interested, that they speak with their dermatologists to get pointed in the right direction.
ceil Does Dr. McCafferty ever refer his patients to a psychologist to work through the emotional and social impact of cosmetic surgery?
Dr. McCafferty Tough question. I have worked with psychologists and psychiatrists in the past. It's something that the patient and I come to a conclusion to do together. I would never force someone in that direction. But through gentle and frank discussion, I would suggest that. It has to be on a case-by-case basis.
Athena Why do some patients look like theyve had too much cosmetic surgery -- faces looking stretched, etc.?
Dr. McCafferty I think patients can be overdone. There are patients who have had one too many facelifts and want to be pulled too tightly, and again have these unrealistic expectations. It's important to be able to tell patients that there's only so much that surgery can do and that another operation may not make them look better, and may on the other hand make them look bizarre.
Moderator I noticed that you're plastic surgeon for the Pittsburgh Steelers football team, and I'm curious as to what kind of surgery that entails. Does that primarily involve reconstructive plastic surgery due to injuries, or is there also cosmetic surgery?
Dr. McCafferty I always say that a good team has to look good. So I'm available for these little plastic surgery things that come up during the season.

There can be problems with turf burns, difficulties with wounds healing. This year, we had to design a better helmet because someone was getting bruised on the forehead. We had to cut and fashion a special padding within his helmet.

And just for the record, we're going to get to the Super Bowl next year.

katiebug Is cosmetic surgery becoming more affordable?
Dr. McCafferty I think it is. The misconception is that it's just for the rich and famous. But most of our patients are of average income. We have a lot of school teachers, a lot of middle- and upper-middle-class patients. It's not just the very wealthy.

The cost of most procedures is a fraction of what a new automobile will cost, and it will last a lot longer. I think it's a matter of putting things into perspective. Most procedures cost less than the average vacation, and again, it will last a lot longer.

Moderator What sort of trends do you see ahead in your field? Just for instance, I saw an interesting forecast from the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery last year that predicted this, in part:

"Nips and tucks will be preferred over major cosmetic surgery overhauls by aging baby boomers. Minimally invasive procedures that require little or no down time will be sought after by the growing baby boomer population, to decrease the early signs of aging and postpone major surgery a little longer."

What do you see for the near future of cosmetic surgery, whether it's new procedures, or utilization trends, or other changes ahead?

Dr. McCafferty I do think that that's a bull's-eye. In everything we are doing today, we're trying to decrease the downtime – the time a patient is "in hiding" or out of work. Right now, the maximum downtime is two weeks. But with many things we're doing, we're cutting that down to a long weekend.

And some of the minimally invasive procedures, such as using endoscopes or forehead lifts, can be done through two tiny scars with a downtime of just under a week. So the trends in our specialty are toward doing more, but less invasively, and speeding recovery. People who are having this done don't have time to hide out for weeks and months. And there's no need to.

Moderator Well, I'm afraid that we've reached the end of tonight's Discussion Special Event. Our guest this evening has been Dr. Leo McCafferty, a practicing plastic surgeon, and a clinical assistant professor of plastic surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Dr. McCafferty Thanks for inviting me, and thanks to everyone who joined us tonight.

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